Structured adjustments in Asian Pacific trade: Papers and Proceedings of The Fifth Pacific Trade and Development Conference sponsored by The Japan Economic Research Center and The Japan Institute of International Affairs, January 1973

The Fifth Pacific Trade and Development Conference was held in Tokyo from 9 to 13 January, 1973 to further the objectives of the Conference series. The first Conference in this series was held in Tokyo in January 1968; the second in Hawaii in January 1969; the third in Sydney in August 1970; and the fourth in Ottawa in October 1971. The Pacific Trade and Development studies are establishing their own influence upon trade and development policies in Pacific basin countries. This book contains the papers and proceedings of the Fifth Conference, discussion at which focussed on issues related to the development of a new world economic order and structural adjustment in Pacific trade. In the coming year, a good many of the uncertainties in the international monetary and trading system that have now appeared are likely to continue. Planning a new order for the international economy, in which steady growth and adjustment is encouraged, deserves high priority. Structural adjustment and adjustment assistance policies appear to be a basic pre-requisite to the monetary re-alignnents that now have to take place, as well as to continuing the trade liberalization that is essential to the dynamic expansion of Asian-Pacific trade anong developed and developing countries alike. The book covers three broad subjects. The first part deals with "monetary re-alignments and trade adjustment in the world economy." Professor Hamy G. Johnson was expected to introduce the general issues involved in trade adjustment and monetary reform. Due to his illness this was not possible. Thus Mr. Royer and Professor Ishikawa introduced the problem as it affects the Asian-Pacific economies by analysing the impact of the enlarged European Community and China on this region's trade structure and trade growth. The second part focusses on export growth in Asian developing countries--its role in developrnent and employment progranunes. One paper analyses overall problems of the entire developing world from the viewpoint of industrialization policy. Two other papers deal with areal trade and adjustment problems in East and Southeast Asia. Another paper looks at the Latin American economies. The economic development of developing countries depends very much upon their export growth, but this poses problems both of shifts in policies from import-substitution to export promotion, and determination of proper industrial priorities for export. In turn this depends, not just on comparative advantage but on foreign trade prospects and barriers. Thus there is an important interaction between development and trade policies in developing countries with trade policies and structural adjustments in developed countries. Past experience, future prospects and difficulties are explored. The third part deals with adjustment assistance policies in developed countries: Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Canada. The future structure of world trade are drawn out by each writer in order to set the position of each country in perspective. Structural adjustments are required both to harmonize trade with advanced countries and to expand trade with developing countries. Adjustment assistance policies are required not only for contracting i nefficient sectors but also for developing efficient and export sectors. How overall unemployment can be cured is another problem which relates directly to the degree of flexibility and cost of adjustment programmes. Successful and unsuccessful experience of structural adjustments and structural adjustment policy is analyzed. As indicated in the Surnnary by Professor Hugh Patrick and the Communique issued by the Confe rence, there was intensive discussion at the Conference, but some urgent policy priorities were agreed upon in the search for a new world economic order and the successful structural adjustment of Asian-Latin American- Pacific trade

Obstacles to trade in the Pacific area: Proceedings of the Fourth Pacific Trade and Development Conference

The Fourth Pacific Trade and Development Conference was held in Ottawa, Canada, on October 7 to 10, 1971. The Conference program was outlined in the late summer of 1970, but it proved particularly topical in the wake of the currency and trade crisis following August 15, 1971. Although the realignment of currencies agreed in December has eased international monetary relationships, trade problems remain. Especially in the Pacific area, the potential of trade as an engine of economic growth and as a basis for constructive political relationships is difficult to overemphasize. The mutuality of interests in international trade between the developed countries of the region is well known. Of increasing importance is the export potential and performance of developing countries in South and East Asia. The future record of industrially advanced countries in reduction or control of barriers to trade affecting developing countries' exports will test the sincerity of many who have professed to favour the liberalization of trade as a stimulus to development. The willingness and ability of developed countries to adjust their industrial structure will be the major theme of the Fifth Trade and Development Conference scheduled for Tokyo in January, 1973. The Canadian host committee of the Fourth Conference in releasing the proceedings of the Conference wish to express appreciation to all those who have made possible the success of the Conference and the preparation of this volume. In particular, we wish to thank the public and private financial supporters in Australia, Canada, Japan, and the United States whose assistance has been essential. We also wish to thank those students, faculty, and staff members at Carleton who helped with local arrangements and the editing and preparation of the proceedings. The main responsibility for the latter task rested on Tom Burlington, who has recently gone to Japan to take up employment with the International Development Center of Japan

Proceedings of The Ninth Pacific Trade and Development Conference : Mineral Resources in the Pacific Area

The Ninth Pacific Trade and Development Conference, held at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco on August 22- 26, 1978, was directed to the theme of development and trade in mineral resources among the nations in the Pacific region. Some 40 policy- oriented academic and business economists, and government and central bank officials acting in their private capacities, participated in the conference . They came from a number of resource- rich and resourcepoor Pacific Basin countries -- including North America, Latin America, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and Northeast Asia -- and represented a wide range of expertise and viewpoints

Technology Transfer in Pacific Economic Development: Papers and Proceedings of The Sixth Pacific Trade and Development Conference held by National Science and Technology Council in Mexico City, July 197 4

The Sixth Pacific Trade and Development Conference was held in Mexico City from 15 to 20 July, 1974 to search for a new objective for the conference series. The first conference in this series was held in Tokyo in January 1968 ; the second in Hawaii in January 1969 ; the third in Sydney in August 1970; the fourth in Ottawa in October 1971; and the fifth again in Tokyo in January 1973. The conference started with a very simple premise. That is we people in the extended Pacific area, including Latin America and Asian developing countries, should pay keen attention to economic devel opment and trade expansion among our neighbours who have huge potential for future development. This potential has tended to be neglected in the past. Fortunately, since our conference series started, the Pacific trade and development studies have established their influence upon trade and development policies in the Pacific-Latin American-Asian region. We held this year's Conference for the first time outside the more advanced Pacific countries, in Mexico City, one of the most thriving centers in the less industrially developed nations. The Pacific trade and development studies have always to search for a new direction, especially in the present uncertainties in the international monetary and trading system after the oil crisis. The new direction should be the acceleration of modernization and industrialization of developing economies, including the oil producing areas. Technology transfer, foreign direct investment, trade, and even oil money will play a critical role if they are utilized appropriately. This book contains the papers and, proceedings of the Sixth Conference, discussion at which focussed on those important issues. "The role of technology transfer in Pacific economic development," the theme we chose for the Mexican conference, was a topic of wide interest in Latin America and a large number of experts partici pated in the conference from various parts of that region. Unfortu~ nately the book was not able to include two or. three papers for either they were written in Spanish or not presented to but came after the conference. Also we missed comments from some papers, and the summary of discussion for all papers mainly due to language difficulties. We have to apologize to those contr ibutors. However, all of them will be taken up in a Spanish- language version of this book which will be published somewhat later by the Mexican Organizing Committee. Finally, we are deeply grateful to all the participants, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia and El Colegio de Mexico who made possible the success of the conference. We are also indebted to the Government and business circles in Mexico and the Asia Foundation for their financial support to the conference

Pacific Trade and Development : Papers and Proceedings of a conference held by the Japan Economic Research Center in January 1968

The Japan Economic Research Center held an international conference from January 9 through 13, 1968 on the subject of "Pacific Trade and Development". Contained in this book are the papers and proceedings of the conference. Trade policies in the Post- Kennedy Round world are fluid and searching for new direction. The devaluation of the pound sterling and its effect on gold and the dollar were a severe shock for the Pacific countries. A restructuring of European trade can be anticipated. The North-South problem is soon to be debated again in New Delhi. At this time, there seems an urgent need to promote Pacific economic cooperation, to develop measures for expanding trade among Pacific countries , and to promote trade and aid for developing countri es in Asi a and Latin America. The fluidity in world trade policies and the uncertainty in world trade and monetary arrangements serve to emphasise the urgency of this task. The conference was originally planned with a very humble desire to promote keener interest in economic development and trade expansion among countri es in the extended Pacific area, including Asian and Lati n American developing countri es . These countries have huge potenti al for future development. The importance of this potential has tended to be neglected in the past. At the end of very intensive and fruitful discussions which ranged over a wide area of trade and ai d problems i n the extended Pacific area , we are full of enthusi asm and confidence that it is really worthwhile to study further and deeply the feasibility, as well as difficulties, of the establishment of a Pacific Free Trade Area . Our studies should certainly stimulate, within 3 or 5 years, moves by nations around Pacific Basin towards closer economi c cooperation . This would benefit not only trade expansi on among advanced countries but also for the economic development of Asian and Lati n American developing countries due to the joint aid efforts which could be more effectively realized through the closer partnership of advanced Pacific basin countries. As indicated in the final communique issued by the conference, our study should be continued, and our study should be academic and free from various pressures except truth. Our study is, however, policy oriented, and, it is hoped, the results of our study will contribute to policy-making for the benefit of nations in the extended Pacific area. Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to the members of the secretariat and others who made the meeting so successful

Pacific Trade and Development II : Papers and proceedings of a conference held by the East-West Center, Honolulu in January 1969

The Second Conference on Pacific Trade and Development was held at the East-West Center from 8th through 11th January 1969 both to follow-up the results of the first conference held in Tokyo, January 1968, on the Pacific Free Trade Area scheme and also to discuss the trade and aid relationships of the Asian developing countries with the advanced Pacific countries. Contained in this book are the papers and proceedings of the conference. International trade and monetary policies in the Post-Kennedy Round world and the Nixon Government era are in a fluid state groping towards a new direction. Also the results of the Second United Nations Conference on Trade and Development last spring point to the conclusion that a new design for expanding trade and for accelerating economic development both within and between advanced Pacific countries and Asian developing countries must be put into practice. Really, the expansion of trade and the promotion of economic development with closer cooperation in this Pacific and Asian region which has a huge potential should be a critical focus for the world which finds itself in a trade and monetary turmoil. A number of useful proposals to meet these ends were thrashed out in the conference. Several difficulties in realizing them were also envisaged and everyone was well aware that further studies would have to be undertaken. As indicated in the communique issued by the conference, our study should be continued. Our academic studies, I am confident, will throw light, gradually but steadily, upon pragmatic policies of the governments and business circles concerned. I am deeply grateful to all the participants and the Hawaii Committee who have worked so hard and who have created a new design for the economic development of the Pacific/ Asia region

Co-operation and development in the Asia/Pacific region, relations between large and small countries: Papers and Proceedings of the Seventh Pacific Trade and Development Conference held in Auckland New Zealand August 25- 28, 1975 and sponsored by The New Zealand Association of Economists

The Seventh Pacific Trade and Development Conference was held in Auckland, New Zealand from 25 to 28 August, 1975. Previous conferences in the series had been held in Tokyo (1968), Hawaii (1969), Sydney (1970), Ottawa (1971), Tokyo (1973) and Mexico City (1974). Each has contributed in a different way to informed discussion of trade and development problems and policies of vital concern to countries of the Pacific Basin .Publication of the major papers and of summaries of the discussions have proved helpful to policymakers and students throughout the region.Accordingly, it was decided that the papers and proceedings of the Seventh Conference should be published in a similar format to that used for the two preceding conferences, and thanks are due to the Japan Economic Research Center for making their facilities available for this purpose. The countries of the Pacific Basin differ, not only in their political, social and economic systems, but also in size. With this conference being held in a country of relatively small population, which in turn has especially close relations with island nations of even smaller scale, it seemed timely for attention to be given to what effects on co-operation and development in the region flow from the differences in size of its component parts. Accordingly, the theme of the Seventh Conference was "Relations between Large and Small Countries". After two sessions exploring the issues generally, selected case studies of dependent countries in Latin America, South East Asia and the South Pacific were discussed. Development assistance was then considered from the viewpoints of both donors and recipients. Japan and Papua New Guinea provided the basis for consideration of foreign investment from the perspective of both home country and host country. Finally, this Conference broke new ground in the series by considering the topical problem of cooperation in the development of marine resources. The Conference was sponsored by the New Zealand Association of Economists (Inc.), organised by a New Zealand committee, and administered by the Center for Continuing Education of the University of Auckland.Financial assistance was provided by the New Zealand Government and by the Asia Foundation. We should like to express our gratitude to all those who assisted with sponsorship, organization, administration and finance, as well as those who presented papers and participated in the discussions

Trade and health: how World Trade Organization(WTO) law affects alcohol and public health

The alcohol field is becoming more aware of the consequences of world trade law for alcohol policies. However, there is a need for greater clarity about the different effects of trade on alcohol-related harm. Methods A comprehensive review of all literature on alcohol and world trade [including World Trade Organization (WTO) disputes on alcohol], supported by amore selective review of other relevant cases, academic reports and the grey literature on trade and health. Results The burden of WTO law on alcohol policies depends upon the type of policy in question. Purely protectionist policies are likely to be struck down, which may lead to increases in alcohol-related harm. Partly protectionist and partly health-motivated policies are also at risk of being struck down. However, purely health-motivated policies are likely to be defended by the WTO—and to the extent that policy makers misunderstand this, they are needlessly avoiding effective ways of reducing alcohol-related harm. Conclusions WTO agreements contain genuine and substantial risks to alcohol policies, and various ways of minimizing future risks are suggested. However, the‘chilling effect’ of mistakenly overestimating these constraints should be avoided. Health policy makers should decide on which policies to pursue based primarily on considerations of effectiveness, ethics and politics rather than legality. As long as any effect of these policies on trade is minimized, they are overwhelmingly likely towin any challenges at the WTO

Asian Economic Integration in an Era of Global Uncertainty

The 38th PAFTAD conference met at a key time to consider international economic integration. Earlier in the year, the people of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union and the United States elected Donald Trump as their next president on the back of an inward-looking ‘America First’ promise. Brexit and President Trump represent a growing, and worrying, trend towards protectionism in the North Atlantic countries that have led the process of globalisation since the end of the Second World War. The chapters in the volume describe the state of play in Asian economic integration but, more importantly, look forward to the region’s future, and the role it might play in defending the global system that has underwritten its historic rise. Asia has the potential to stand as a bulwark against the dual threats of North Atlantic protectionism and slowing trade growth, but collective leadership will be needed regionally and difficult domestic reforms will be required in each country.Overview and issues / Shiro Armstrong and Tom Westland -- Asian economic integration: The state of play / Mari Pangestu and Shiro Armstrong -- The global setting for Asian economic integration / Pascal Lamy -- Decoupling Asia revisited / Cyn-Young Park -- Financial liberalisation and trade: An examination of moving up value chains in the Asia–Pacific region / Wendy Dobson and Tom Westland -- Evolution of production networks in the Asia–Pacific region: A vision in value-added and employment dimensions / Hubert Escaith, Satoshi Inomata and Sébastien Miroudot -- The ASEAN Economic Community and the East Asian agenda / Somkiat Tangkitvanich and Saowaruj Rattanakhamfu -- India’s Asian trade strategy / Dhiraj Nayyar -- East Asia’s transformation and regional architecture / Ponciano Intal, Jr -- Evaluation of regional economic integration in East Asia / Shen Minghu

ASEAN in a changing Pacific and world economy

This book includes papers and summaries of discussion at the Tenth Pacific Trade and Development Conference, held at the Australian National University in Canberra in 1979. The theme of the Conference, ASEAN in a Changing Pacific and World Economy, had been chosen in recognition of the emergence of ASEAN as a major influence on regional and world economic relations. The contributors to the volume are leading scholars of international economics in each of the five ASEAN countries, Australia, Japan, the United States, Canada and the People's Republic of China. The book ranges over relevant issues in the theory of international trade, economic integration and economic development; foreign trade, and industrialisation in the development of each of the five ASEAN economies; the progress of economic cooperation within the framework of ASEAN; and the comparative experience with regional economic cooperation in other regions of the developing world. There are chapters on various major issues in ASEAN's emerging foreign economic relations: the 'common approach' to foreign economic relations; ASEAN experience with Japanese and American foreign investment; the immense and multi faceted relationship between the ASEAN countries and Japan; the significance of recent changes in the People's Republic of China{u2019}s foreign economic policy for economic development in ASEAN; the prospects of export-oriented industrialisation in the ASEAN economies at a time when protectionist policies are in vogue in the advanced industrial countries; and the likely future place of ASEAN in world trade through periods of rapid change in Western Pacific countries' resources endowments and comparative advantage